The two processes mentioned in the passage that involve the formation of liquid are a took antibiotics for sinus infection but still sick cheap ciplox 500 mg with amex. According to the passage infection vs colonization best ciplox 500mg, two effective methods for treating waste caused by infectious matter are a. The process that transforms waste from hazardous to harmless and diminishes waste volume is a. The underlined word exhausting, as it is used in the second paragraph of the passage, most nearly means a. The underlined phrase fugitive emissions in the fourth paragraph most nearly means a. Isolate the unfamiliar words as you read, by underlining them or jotting them down. Then go back and look at the sentences before and after them-that is, in their immediate context. At its lowest depth (193233), more than 16 million people were unemployed, more than 5,000 banks had closed, and over 85,000 businesses had failed. The homeless built shacks for temporary shelter-these emerging shantytowns were nicknamed Hoovervilles; a bitter homage to President Herbert Hoover, who refused to give government assistance to the jobless. The effects of the Depression-severe unemployment rates and a sharp drop in the production and sales of goods-could also be felt abroad, where many European nations still struggled to recover from World War I. For example, the tariff and war-debt policies after World War I contributed to the instability of the banking system. However, the United States kept high tariffs on goods imported from other nations. If other countries could not sell goods in the United States, they could not make enough money to pay back their loans or to buy American goods. Businesses made gains in productivity, but only one segment of the population-the wealthy-reaped large profits. Workers received 214 501 Reading Comprehension Questions only a small share of the wealth they helped produce. Advertising encouraged Americans to buy cars, radios, and household appliances instead of saving or purchasing only what they could afford. Investors also wildly speculated on the stock market, often borrowing money on credit to buy shares of a company. Stocks increased beyond their worth, but investors were willing to pay inflated prices because they believed stocks would continue to rise. This bubble burst in the fall of 1929, when investors lost confidence that stock prices would keep rising. The stock market crash affected the economy in the same way that a stressful event can affect the human body, lowering its resistance to infection. Roosevelt introduced relief measures that would revive the economy and bring needed relief to Americans suffering the effects of the depression. In his 100 days in office, Roosevelt and Congress passed major legislation that saved banks from closing and regained public confidence. These measures, called the New Deal, included the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which paid farmers to slow their production in order to stabilize food prices; the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured bank deposits if banks failed; and the Securities and Exchange Commission, which regulated the stock market. However, the New Deal changed the relationship between government and American citizens, by expanding the role of the central government in regulating the economy and creating social assistance programs. The example of the human body as a metaphor for the economy, which is found at the end of paragraph 3, suggests that a. The content in the last paragraph of the passage would most likely support which of the following statements? The federal government became more involved in caring for needy members of society. It protects the planet from the cold of space, from harmful ultraviolet light, and from all but the largest meteors. Atmospheric circulation is one important reason that life on Earth can exist at higher latitudes because equatorial heat is transported poleward, moderating the climate.
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In cool conditions antibiotic quizzes ciplox 500mg lowest price, athletes who have deliberately dehydrated to make weight can suffer effects of dehydration without an excessive rise in body temperature antibiotic resistance fact sheet trusted 500mg ciplox. However, heat illness and dehydration are linked, since in hot weather, athletes who are dehydrated will increase their body temperature more than if they were well hydrated. Some new studies that show that drinking cold or icy fluids might assist other techniques to cool overheating athletes, such as ice vests and cold baths or showers. Future work may see us recommending that hot athletes use their drinks to manage body temperature as well as nutrition and hydration. Whether cold beverages just make athletes feel better in the heat or actually drag down core temperature, and to what extent these outcomes might enhance performance, is not yet known. Gastrointestinal disturbances are another fatigue factor which is interrelated with fuel and hydration-or the lack of them. Tummy upsets can arise because of poor food and drink choices before or during an event. They can directly impede performance-the athlete may have to slow down or stop owing to pain or the need to vomit or make a pit stop. However, they contribute to even more problems if the athlete is then unable to hydrate and refuel during the rest of the event-not to mention the extra loss of fluid and electrolytes through diarrhoea and vomiting. Although large salt losses from sweating might contribute to this, the biggest cause of hyponatraemia is overhydration. The early symptoms of this potentially fatal problem include headaches, confusion and a feeling of doom. If hyponatraemia is allowed to become severe, it can lead to collapse, coma and sometimes death. Because mild hyponatraemia tends to look like other sorts of fatigue, and because hyponatraemia and dehydration call for very different treatments, it also helps to have some other signs to tell the two conditions apart. Now that we have an idea of the types of fatigue factors that we can expect during competition, we can examine some ways to minimise or delay them. Once you have read the rest of this chapter, and Chapter 5 (Promoting recovery), use Checklist 4. How hard you need to prepare depends on the challenges of your sport, the importance of the event and the frequency of competition. A long, intense event like a marathon or Ironman triathlon will probably throw up more potential sources of fatigue, and if this is your biggest competition for the year you will want to leave nothing to chance. On the other hand, if you are involved in a team sport and play in a couple of leagues, you may have a game scheduled once or twice a week, so less preparation can go into each game. In getting your fuel stores stocked up for competition, you can rest a little easier knowing that your training has given you an edge in this department. Aerobic endurance training teaches your muscles to store more glycogen and use it more sparingly during aerobic exercise by increasing the contribution of fat to the fuel mixture. With your everyday (increased) muscle glycogen stores intact at the start of an event, you will have enough fuel on board to see you through all but the longest competitions. To reach this everyday potential for muscle glycogen storage, you require: · · 2436 hours of rest or tapered exercise A carbohydrate intake reaching 710 g per kilogram of body weight For many athletes, this might be as simple as scheduling a day of rest or light training before the event while continuing to follow high12 4 co m p e t i t i o n n u t r i t i o n carbohydrate eating patterns. However, not all athletes eat sufficient carbohydrate in their usual diets to maximise glycogen storage, particularly females who count kilojoules to control body fat levels. These athletes may need encouragement to loosen their dietary reins and make refuelling their top dietary goal on the day before competition. Similarly, some athletes may need to reorganise their training programs to allow lighter training sessions or rest on the day before their event, or to shift sessions that cause muscle damage into an earlier part of the week. For a start, all athletes, from darts players to ultramarathon runners, think they need to do it. And finally, the technique has been refined since its introduction in the 1960s, but many athletes have yet to catch up with the news. To remove the mysticism from what is a potentially valuable practice, you should first decide whether your sport requires you to have super-loaded muscle glycogen stores. Although your triathlon may take over two hours, it involves three separate sports and therefore different muscle groups.
They were designed with European adult populations in mind and do need to be interpreted carefully when applied to groups with unusual features bacterial resistance generic ciplox 500 mg amex. There is potential for observererror in measur ing the waist antibiotics causing c diff purchase ciplox 500mg with visa, but this is not a major concern if it is done carefully. In extreme obesity, the belly becomes pendulous, hanging towards the ground, and so variations in body fat will no longer be detectable. At lower levels of total body fat, waist circum ference might misclassify people as being over weight or obese, because it is specifically increased in people with largerthanusual amounts of intra abdominal fat. In a group of individuals with exactly the same total body fat, different waist circumferences would indicate differences in intra abdominal fat. There are important differences in waist circum ferences and fat distribution among different races (more so than ethnic differences). Thus, South Asian people generally have larger waists, with more intraabdominal fat than Europeans, at the same (being smaller, they need a greater proportion of body fat than men to survive long famines). It is essential for the measurements of weight and height to be made as reliably, accurately and precisely as possible. For this reason, South Asians are at greater risk of metabolic complications from obe sity at lower levels of waist circumference. In an attempt to equalise the level of risk at which inter vention is indicated, a table of modified waist cut offs has been produced (Table 1. This has to be consumed over a period of time as energy above the need for energy balance. There are large numbers of physiological mediators of appetite and eating, and of energy expenditure, all of which may be disrupted by genetic factors, either at the level of a gene mutation or through altered expres sion of a gene. Others have suggested introducing ratios of waist with height to generate an index. The principle of clinical and functional staging for the diagnosis of obesity is a valuable advance, both for epidemiological classification and to determine clinical action. None of the genetic variants so far identified, or even combina tions, are sufficient to explain the obesity epi demic. The main influence is environmental, but there is growing interest in the role of epigenetics, for example, by studying the effects of diet and stresses in pregnancy to program the expression of genes related to appetite and energy balance (refer to Chapter 3. Susceptibility to weight gain can be exaggerated, or unmarked, by treatment with various obesogenic drugs [10]. This approach is used routinely in cancer diagno sis, where the staged diagnosis defines treatment. Weight gain as an adverse effect of some commonly prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Appropriate bodymass index for Asian populations and its implication for policy and intervention strategies. Waist circumfer ence action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk 7. A health professional is tasked with the role of ensuring that the issue of excess weight is raised in a sensitive manner, in order to help parents under stand the potential health risks of their child carrying excessive weight but also motivate them to engage in treatment [3,4]. This chapter provides key aspects of accurately assessing childhood overweight and obe sity [36]. While there is a constant need to ensure dietetic and medical treatments are clinically and costwise effective, it is also important to consider what clinical outcomes are most useful to measure and judge treatment effectiveness. These tools are primarily of greater use in research and occasionally tertiary care centres due to their high costs. Therefore, the diagnosis of overweight and obesity requires the measurement of body fat. Direct methods of measuring body fat include computer Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity, First Edition. A cutoff with high specificity (a positive result from a test with high specificity means there is a high probability of presence of the disease) has gener ally been regarded as more important for clinical applications than high sensitivity (a test with high sen sitivity means a high probability of a negative result) to avoid diagnosis of nonobese children as obese [1,3 6,10]. Waist measurements can be a useful tool in the clinical setting to help children monitor their out comes; however, care must be taken to ensure that it is measured in a consistent manner most impor tantly, following the same technique. Talking about body weight Research tells us that more than half of parents can not recognise when their child is overweight [2], and thus care should be taken when raising the issue of weight with children and parents [23].
Consequently antibiotics xifaxan generic 500mg ciplox otc, overweight and obese individuals are often stigma tised [3] antibiotic yeast generic 500 mg ciplox mastercard, with obese individuals (particularly chil dren and adolescents) being more likely to experience verbal abuse [4], social isolation and low selfesteem [5]. This includes the routine touching up of images to remove skin blemishes, enhance figures or stretch legs that are not thought to reflect the right sort of image. It has been sug gested that up to 38% of women are on a weight loss diet at any one time [6]. These pressures apply to both men and women with an increased emphasis on men needing to appear athletic and fit in shaving and other malegrooming adverts. These pressures are in contrast to the consistent increases in population average weight over the last 20 years [7]. The notion of attractiveness and its prerequisites have changed greatly in recent centu ries, and this may have had an influence on body image and the emergence of a dieting culture [8]. For example, in the sixteenth century, voluptuous women who appeared fertile and physically able to bear children were considered highly attractive, fea turing in many examples of fine art from this era [8]. Sumo wrestlers in Japan are large and weighty yet are feted as supreme sportsmen. Such values change with time and place, and have become more extreme quite quickly in Westernised societies. These changes have occurred in spite of studies finding that many men do not find thin, waiflike women attractive [10]. The rates of occurrence of eating disorders, once thought to be Westernonly diseases, have now increased significantly in Asian communities, as Westernised values are being adopted across the world [11]. These different messages from society and from families shape attitudes towards food. It is seen as branded (Michelinstarred res taurants, celebrity chefs) and aspirational (with spe cial, more expensively prepared ranges of foods in supermarkets). The end result is that value judge ments in terms of weight are often made in society, and people start to negatively judge themselves in terms of their shape and weight. The high prevalence of both obesity and depression may be an indication of an association between the two disorders [23], with a considerable number of populationbased studies being conducted to examine these potential associations. From a psychiatric view point, such an associa tion might be expected, since, as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) [24], symptoms of depression include both an increase in food intake and a decrease in physical activity, two symptoms also associated with weight gain [25]. In addition, other psychosocial variables such as negative body image and stigmatisation of obese individuals can lead to low selfesteem and other symptoms of depression and psychological distress [26]. However, such a relationship has yet to be ascertained in communitybased samples [23]. Nevertheless, even if rates of depression are no higher than normal in patients with obesity, the prevalence in society is so high that, even at average prevalence rates, it is a significant issue. It matters clinically because of the known association between comfort eating and depression, reduced activity (meaning less energy is used) and lack of motiva tion all of which make decisions to make sustained weight change more difficult. There are, however, a number of limitations that need to be considered when reviewing this area of research. Friedman and Brownell (1995) [27] point out in their extensive review of literature that the variability of findings in areas such as psychopa thology and obesity is unsurprising, given the vari ous methodologies and outcome measures used, together with the heterogeneity of the obese popula tion and lack of focus on moderators of the obesity/ mental health relationship. In addition, the range of mental health disorders explored has been limited, mainly focusing on major depressive disorders [28]. A link between obesity and the likelihood of engaging in behaviours such as smoking and alcohol abuse has been demonstrated [19]. However, despite the pur ported links between obesity and psychosocial fac tors, many weight management interventions still primarily focus on physical health outcomes, paying little attention to the wider psychosocial outcomes [20]. However, such conditions are also important in their own right as low mood and anxiety are distress ing, and may contribute to inactivity, poorer diet, alcohol misuse and comfort eating. Hence, research suggests that there may be an association between obesity and certain psychopathologies, in particular, anxiety and depression [21]. For eating, these rewards are twofold first, negative reinforcement of eating by a reduction in aversive feelings (hunger); and second, the enjoyment of the taste itself. In animal studies, rats and others can be encouraged to do tasks for food rewards.
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