For some cultural critics working within the mass culture paradigm 97110 treatment code order 480 mg septra with visa, mass culture is not just an imposed and impoverished culture 97140 treatment code discount septra 480mg fast delivery, it is in a clear identifiable sense an imported American culture: `If popular culture in its modern form was invented in any one place, it was. The claim that popular culture is American culture has a long history within the theoretical mapping of popular culture. Its central theme is that British culture has declined under the Popular culture 9 homogenizing influence of American culture. There are two things we can say with some confidence about the United States and popular culture. Second, although the availability of American culture worldwide is undoubted, how what is available is consumed is at the very least contradictory (see Chapter 9). What is true is that in the 1950s (one of the key periods of Americanization), for many young people in Britain, American culture represented a force of liberation against the grey certainties of British everyday life. What is also clear is that the fear of Americanization is closely related to a distrust (regardless of national origin) of emerging forms of popular culture. As with the mass culture perspective generally, there are political left and political right versions of the argument. In this sense, cultural practices such as Christmas and the seaside holiday, it could be argued, function in much the same way as dreams: they articulate, in a disguised form, collective (but repressed) wishes and desires. Structuralism, although not usually placed within the mass culture perspective, and certainly not sharing its moralistic approach, nevertheless sees popular culture as a sort of ideological machine which more or less effortlessly reproduces the prevailing structures of power. No matter how much we might insist on this definition, the fact remains that people do not spontaneously produce culture from raw materials of their own making. Whatever popular culture is, what is certain is that its raw materials are those which are commercially provided. Critical analysis of pop and rock music is particularly replete with this kind of analysis of popular culture. At a conference I once attended, a contribution from the floor suggested that Levi jeans would never be able to use a song from the Jam to sell its products. The fact that they had already used a song by the Clash would not shake this conviction. As this was not going to happen, Levi jeans would never use a song by the Jam to sell its products. But this had already happened to the Clash, a band with equally sound political credentials. The cultural studies use of the concept of hegemony would have, at the very least, fuelled further discussion (see Chapter 4). A fifth definition of popular culture, then, is one that draws on the political analysis of the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci, particularly on his development of the concept of hegemony. The process is historical (labelled popular culture one moment, and another kind of culture the next), but it is also synchronic (moving between resistance and incorporation at any given historical moment). For instance, the seaside holiday began as an aristocratic event and within a hundred years it had become an example of popular culture. Film noir started as despised popular cinema and within thirty years had become art cinema. In general terms, those looking at popular culture from the perspective of hegemony theory tend to see it as a terrain of ideological struggle between dominant and subordinate classes, dominant and subordinate cultures. As Bennett (2009) explains, the field of popular culture is structured by the attempt of the ruling class to win hegemony and by forms of opposition to this endeavour. Popular culture 11 the compromise equilibrium of hegemony can also be employed to analyse different types of conflict within and across popular culture. The Conservative Party political broadcast, discussed earlier, reveals this process in action. What was being attempted was the disarticulation of socialism as a political movement concerned with economic, social and political emancipation, in favour of its articulation as a political movement concerned to impose restraints on individual freedom. Also, as we shall see in Chapter 7, feminism has always recognized the importance of cultural struggle within the contested landscape of popular culture.
Early in the R&D process there are high fixed obligations to be met before the company can actually begin to earn money treatment with cold medical term 480mg septra free shipping, so the cost of capital is higher (other things being equal) for money invested very early in the process than for the money invested later medicine quest cheap 480 mg septra fast delivery, as the project approaches market approval. Therefore, early R&D projects are riskier than later projects and have a higher cost of capital. Not only does early R&D produce an option on future investments and revenues, but it also produces information that reduces the uncertainty about the value of the project (96,330,352). Since R&D projects can be abandoned at any point in the process (or at least at certain project milestones), the investment in early R&D can be viewed as an investment in information that allows the firm to reduce the uncertainty of its later investments. Suppose, for example, a new compound stands one chance in 100 of reaching the market, but $1 million T Although debt interest is untaxed at the corporate level, it is fully taxed at the personal level. Equity returns, on the other hand, are taxed fully at the corporate level and lightly at the personal level to the extent that much of the equity returns are in the form of capital gains, which are taxed only when the gains are realized (391,392). At the investor level, the personal and corporate tax systems combine to largely eliminate the overaIl tax advantage of debt (273). This impIies that at the fm level, the cost of equity should be lower than the cost of debt of comparable risk (392). Together, these findings imply that the cost of equity capitat as calculated in the formulas given above may be overstated when beta is less than one and understated when beta is greater than one (391). Since the beta for the pharmaceutical industry was slightly less than one, the cost of equity capital in the pharmaceutical industry may be slightly overstated. Any money spent after the animal testing is completed would face vastly better odds than would be the case if the firm were required to commit to the full course of R&D at the very beginning of the project. This "information-producing" function of R&D essentially adds to the value of the R&D investment or, stated another way, dampens the effective cost of capital for R&D to more closely approximate the cost of capital for investments in manufacturing capacity for an approved drug. Although the betas and, therefore, the cost of capital for R&D projects are always higher than those for investment in ongoing operations, how much higher depends on the interplay between the information value of the investment and the fixed investment required to realize the returns from R&D. To summarize, although the cost of capital for R&D must be higher than that for manufacturing, and it is higher the earlier in the research process the project is, there is currently available no practical approach to estimating just how high the cost of capital actually is for any set of R&D investments. The best that can be done to get a rough quantitative estimate of the cost of capital for pharmaceutical R&D projects is to examine the betas of firms that invest largely in R&D and that have relatively little investment in ongoing operations. Stewart (409) estimated the cost of capital for business risk for 1,000 publicly traded companies in the United States and Canada. Companies whose main business was providing R&D services (R&D laboratories) had a cost of capital for business risk that was approximately 4. A recent update of the Myers and Shyam-Sunder paper by Shyam-Sunder found only a 2. The results of these studies suggest that a 4-percentage point differential in the cost of capital from the beginning to the end of the research process provides a reasonable outer boundary for calculation of the capitalized costs of R&D. The Baber and Kang study examines nominal rates of return without adjusting for inflation. Hence, beta can be estimated only for a subsample of firms in the Baber and Kang study, although these firms represent a high proportion of total market values in these samples. Betas also vary over time, so the period over which they are estimated can affect the ultimate results. First, as described earlier, Myers and Shyam-Sunder estimated market value-weighted equity betas for a sample of 17 large U. Second, Baber and Kang calculated market-value weighted betas for each year of the 12-year study period by regressing total firm returns against total market returns over the previous 240 months for companies for which data were available (24,224). The calculated weighted average betas change slightly from year to year, as the sample of firms changes and as the market value weights change, but they are very stable. Myers and Shyam-Sunder obtained a risk-free rate by subtracting an historical term premium (1. Therefore, the market risk premium is typically estimated over a long period of time (198). The market risk premium declined in the post-war period, however, and the premium for the period 1947-88 was 8.
The plans shall provide that the party state receiving evacuees and the party state from which the evacuees come shall mutually agree as to reimbursement of out-ofpocket expenses incurred in receiving and caring for the evacuees treatment irritable bowel syndrome septra 480mg lowest price, for expenditures for transportation medicine 834 buy 480 mg septra with amex, food, clothing, medicines and medical care, and like items. The expenditures shall be reimbursed as agreed by the party state from which the evacuees come. After the termination of the emergency or disaster, the party state from which the evacuees come shall assure the responsibility for the ultimate support of repatriation of such evacuees. The action shall not relieve the withdrawing state from obligations assumed hereunder prior to the effective date of withdrawal. This compact shall be construed to effectuate the purposes stated in Article I hereof. If any provision of this compact is declared unconstitutional, or the applicability thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the constitutionality of the remainder of this compact and the applicability thereof to other persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby. The Director of the Emergency Management Agency shall annually hereafter provide the Legislature and Governor with copies of all new or amended mutual aid plans and procedures on or before the first day of January of each year. This section shall not be interpreted to release in part or in whole the responsibility of an automobile manufacturer to insure the safety of children to a level at least equivalent to existing federal safety standards for adults. In no event shall failure to wear a child passenger restraint system be considered as contributory negligence. The term "motor vehicle" as used in this section shall include a passenger car, pickup truck, van (seating capacity of 10 or less), minivan, or sports utility vehicle. The charges may be dismissed by the trial judge hearing the case and no court costs shall be assessed upon proof of acquisition of an appropriate child passenger restraint. The fifteen dollars ($15) shall be deposited in the State Treasury to be distributed by the state Comptroller to the Alabama Head Injury Foundation, which shall administer the program free of charge. The Department of Examiners of Public Accounts shall annually audit, review, and otherwise investigate the receipts and disbursements of these funds by the 456 P a g e Public Health Laws of Alabama, 2012 foundation in the same manner and to the same extent as the department performs examinations and audits of agencies and departments of the State of Alabama. The provisions shall not apply to taxis and all motor vehicles with a seating capacity of 11 or more passengers. Any vessel or contrivance used or capable of being used for navigation or flotation upon water whether or not capable of self-propulsion, except passenger or cargocarrying vessels which are subject to and are adequately controlled, in the opinion of the State Board of Health, in respect to discharge of sewage and litter, by a department or agency of the federal government. Any bottles, glass, crockery, cans, scrap metal, junk, paper, garbage, rubbish or similar refuse discharged as no longer useful or useable. Any toilet or device, including plastic or other kinds of bags or containers, on or within any watercraft for the purpose of discharging sewage. Rules, regulations and orders generally - Adoption by Board of Health; approval by Commissioner of Conservation and Natural Resources or Governor. Rules, regulations and orders generally - Contents; compatibility of marine toilet standards with federal standards. The owner or whoever is lawfully vested with the possession, management and control of a marina or other waterside facility used by watercraft for launching, docking, mooring and related purposes shall be required to have trash receptacles or similar devices designed for the depositing of trash and refuse at locations where they can be conveniently used by watercraft occupants, and such trash and refuse shall be disposed of in accordance with rules and regulations adopted hereunder. Whether criminal proceedings have been commenced or not the State Health Officer is authorized to bring a civil action in the circuit court against the owner, operator or person in charge of any vessel or watercraft to compel compliance with the provisions of this chapter or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder and said circuit court shall have jurisdiction of said case. All fines paid or collected hereunder shall be paid into the General Fund of the state. This chapter and rules and regulations and orders hereunder shall be applicable in the entire state unless such rule, regulation or order is by its own terms restricted. Other regulations, ordinances or other laws when not in conflict with this chapter or rules, regulations or orders adopted hereunder may be enforced by agencies responsible for such enforcement, whether said 459 P a g e Public Health Laws of Alabama, 2012 regulations, ordinances or other laws are more or less restrictive on disposal of sewage or litter, but when in conflict, this chapter and the rules, regulations or orders adopted hereunder shall supersede and be applicable if said other regulations, ordinances or other laws are less restrictive than this chapter, rules, regulations or orders adopted hereunder. Such term includes any establishment where sleeping or sleeping and eating accommodations are advertised or held out to be available to transients, whether such establishment be known as a hotel, apartment hotel, inn, tavern, club, resort, tourist home, tourist court, motel, court, motor court, motor lodge or by other like term and regardless of the number of rooms, suites or cabins available, but this term shall not be construed to include apartments, clubs, trailer courts, boardinghouses, rooming houses or portions thereof where single night accommodations are not advertised or held out to be available. Such term includes a safe, vault, safety deposit box or other depository for the safekeeping of valuables. Such term includes money, jewelry, watches, plate or other things made of gold, silver or platinum, rare or precious stones, rings, ornaments, and bonds, securities, bank notes or other valuable papers, transportation tickets or other valuable articles of such description as may be contained in small compass owned or possessed by a guest. This chapter shall operate as, or as a part of or in conjunction with, any rules and regulations affecting hotels provided and promulgated by the State Board of Health for maintaining and protecting the public health. The State Committee of Public Health shall make and promulgate reasonable rules and regulations for the purpose of carrying this chapter into effect. The detectors shall have received an approval from a nationally recognized testing organization. The State Health Officer is ex officio State Hotel Inspector, and the inspectors of the State Board of Health, or that may hereafter be of the State Board of Health, are ex officio assistant hotel inspectors, and such assistants shall be, in the inspection of hotels as provided for in this chapter, under the exclusive direction and supervision of the State Hotel Inspector. The State Hotel Inspector and his assistants have police power to enter any hotel at reasonable hours to determine whether the provisions of the rules and regulations of the State Board of Health are being complied with.
The legislation defines a "center of excellence" as a "consortium of two or more institutions of higher education working in collaboration with regional economic developers to address the workforce education and training needs of a region medications prescribed for pain are termed buy cheap septra 480mg online. This legislation also creates the Council of Advisors on Strategies for the Knowledge Economy to advise the award process for the grant treatment juvenile rheumatoid arthritis quality septra 480mg. The legislation also promotes workforce development programs in the fields of aerospace and technology. The purpose of the organization is to implement research programs and recommendations. This legislation also designates a board to govern the organization in conjunction with the Board of Regents. The purpose of the system is to support local workforce development programs and services. This legislation also establishes and provides for local workforce development boards. This legislation also creates workforce development centers to provide training and placement services. This legislation also establishes the Oregon Innovation Council to advise and oversee the performance of these projects. The purpose of the New College Institute is to develop the local economy by using the resources of postsecondary education and the private sector. This legislation also establishes a Board of Directors in order to govern, advise and administer functions of the New College Institute. At that time, job protection was seen as necessary because of prevalent nepotism, political favoritism and arbitrary dismissals. Teacher tenure is, therefore, not a job guarantee but rather a job security device protecting against termination of employment in cases where there are not grounds for termination or where the teacher has no fair opportunity to present a defense. To gain tenure, teachers must generally complete a specified period of probationary employment, usually three years. The tenured teacher is assured notice, a statement of causes or reasons for termination, and a hearing before the school board, arbitrator, or specified person/group. Tenure can be provided by law through a state statute or earned through a period of continuous contractual employment. In general, schools have great latitude in deciding whether to grant initial tenure, as long as decisions are not discriminatory. Performance evaluation, however, is not incompatible with the tenure system, although tenure laws have been weak in this respect and there is a widespread perception that tenured teachers are not subject to sufficiently critical evaluation. Some tenure statutes do not address performance evaluation at all, while others mandate evaluation criteria in substantial detail and make evaluation an integral part of the tenure system. Because tenure is a product of legislation, there is no legal obstacle preventing states from strengthening the evaluation component of tenure. Tenure does not require continuing the employment of an incompetent teacher; all tenure laws provide for dismissal of incompetent or inefficient teachers. While nineteen states continue to use the term "tenure" in legislation, most states have adopted new terms for procedural protection, such as continuing contract status. Part I: Teacher Tenure/Continuing Contract Provisions State Required for Nonprobationary Status 3+R (R = Teacher must return to begin the next school year or sign a contract committing to service in the next school year. Unless otherwise noted, all years listed as required for nonprobationary status are academic years. Legislative change in 1998 reduces time teachers are allowed to correct an "inadequacy in classroom performance" from a semester to not less than 85 days. The Commission on Professional Competence consists of one member selected by employee, one member selected by the governing board (both of whom must be certified teachers with five years experience) and an administrative law judge. Hearing officer makes recommendation to district board which accepts or rejects findings. Court of Appeals Eliminated the term "tenure" and added "unsatisfactory performance" to list of reasons for termination/ dismissal. Impartial hearing officer is selected by the teacher and district chief administrative officer. Legislative changes in 1998 reduced the number of allowed hearing days from 10 to six and provides for absorption of costs by the losing party in the appeals process. Panel consists of three members: one chosen by superintendent, one by teacher and those two members choose a third.
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