The duty to consider the interests of stakeholders is prescribed under soft law by the Germany Corporate Governance Kodex acne early sign of pregnancy 5 gm bactroban with mastercard, Article 4 acne studios bactroban 5gm low price. Under Italian law Article 1, paragraph 5, Law 180/2011 (so-called Bill of Firm) stipulates that it should be promoted in legislation the inclusion of social and environmental issues in the conduct of business activities and in their relations with the social partners (Libertini, 2013). The general provision allows to enhance, in other words, including at law, good practices but also the principles and the criteria of business and socio-economic sciences. This promotes the conception of the company awares of operating in a context of scarce resources that by encouraging innovation and the technological progress, should be made available also to the future generations. The precautionary principle is to be found in the field of environmental protection (Art. Zum Wandel der gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung von Unternehmen in Deutschland", in Zeitschrift fьr Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik, Vol. In the last decade, a growing instability deriving by globalization processes has led to an increased international competition, a prices volatility of agri-food products, as well as an increased level concentration of large retailers with a consequent increase of the asymmetry in bargaining power and, therefore, tensions between operators in the agri-business industry. The asymmetry in bargaining power within the agri-food chain is certainly one of the weaknesses of the entire food system, because it widens the disparity between producer prices and consumer prices so encouraging unfair trade practices. In effect these organizations allow a better production and marketing planning of all members producers, enabling a concentration of agri-food supply chain so optimizing production costs. After a literature review on the role of the producers organizations at the international level (Bijman, 2007; Camanzi et al. Finally, the purpose of this study is to reconcile the Community framework to national one that is represented by the recent introduction by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry of the Ministerial Decree No. The paper give also insight on such aggregation models that can be linked to the business networks as well as supply chain and district contracts in the light of recent Circular No. Conclusions highlighted that these forms of association also allow research activity and promotion of best cultivation practices, as well as the provision of technical assistance and risk management tools, thus contributing to the strengthening of the position of individual producers. Organizing against market exploitation in turkey: An analysis of wholesale markets, trade exchanges and producer organizations. The role of producer organizations in quality-oriented agri-food chains; an economic organisation perspective, in Ruben, R. The role of producer organizations in supply concentration and marketing: A comparison between European countries in the fruit and vegetable sector. Theoretical perspectives on the role and significance of rural producer organisations in development: Implications for capacity development. The role of rural producer organizations for agricultural service provision in fragile states. Improving market access and agricultural productivity growth in africa: What role for producer organizations and collective action institutions? Linking small farmers to modern retail through producer organizations - experiences with producer companies in India. The model comprises five constructs and nine research hypotheses, with service quality, corporate image and customer satisfaction as mediating constructs. The nine hypotheses are tested on data collected from 349 passengers of a leading intercity bus company in Taiwan, using structural equation modeling. In the intercity bus industry, companies are competing with each other and with other intercity transportation modes where customer loyalty plays an essential part to ensure its sustainable development. To collect data, a survey questionnaire with a total of 57 survey items obtained from relevant literature was used. These survey items were grouped into 14 observed measures for measuring the five constructs of the research model. After pre-test and pilot-test, the questionnaire was distributed to 386 passengers of a leading intercity bus company at four major cities in Taiwan. An assessment of the resultant structural model using commonly used fit indices was also conducted on survey data, suggesting an acceptable model fit. With the survey data, the structural model has a better fit than other alternative model. Service quality has a significant positive effect on corporate image (H2) and customer satisfaction (H5). Corporate image has a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction (H3) and customer satisfaction has a significant positive effect on customer loyalty (H6). Service quality has a significant direct effect on customer loyalty and an indirect effect on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction as a mediator.
The limited ability to assess survival capacity (except in broad categories) has critical implications for the design of a ventilator allocation system skin care market cheap bactroban 5 gm online. Depending on the severity of the pandemic and resources acne location generic 5gm bactroban mastercard, different tiers are used to allocate ventilators. The first tier eliminates access to ventilators for patients with the highest probability of mortality. If resources continue to fall short, the second tier denies access to patients who require a high use of additional resources, including patients who societal value of protecting children and the role of young age as a triage criterion, see Chapter 2, Pediatric Guidelines. The third tier in this model is more restrictive and patients are triaged based on criteria that are developed as needed by a committee, which could include the use of a clinical scoring system to "score" patients. Finally, the authors proposed the extubation of any patient "who might be stable, or even improving, but whose objective assessment indicates a worse prognosis than other patients who require the same resource. They were uncertain whether resource utilization should be a clinical consideration,87 and decided additional input was needed to determine whether patients who require extensive resources, such as renal dialysis, should be ineligible for ventilator therapy when ventilators were scarce. For the 2007 Draft Guidelines, the consensus was to include renal dialysis as a medical condition that warrants exclusion from ventilator therapy, with the understanding that more analysis and input was needed and such resource intensive conditions may be removed from consideration. Because the Guidelines would only be implemented once demand for ventilators exceeds supply, which meant that the situation was dire, there was no need for a tiered approach. Instead, facilities should conduct surge capacity to reduce the demand for ventilators which may meet the demand during a moderate pandemic and avoid implementing the Guidelines. Furthermore, having a tiered approach would result in several possible clinical ventilator allocation protocols, one for each tier, which would be difficult to manage during an emergency situation. In addition, the 2006 Adult Clinical Workgroup expressed significant reservations about the plan to extubate a patient because a newly arriving patient had a better health assessment for several reasons. First, a patient would require a sufficient trial on the ventilator to determine whether the patient was benefiting from the treatment. More importantly, though, a patient expects that doctors provide treatment, to the extent possible, based on assessments of his/her health as individuals. If ventilator use is primarily determined by the health of other potential users of the ventilator, clinicians would abandon their obligation to advocate/care for an See id. If patient B has a better predicted survival outcome than patient A (even though patient A may be stable or improving), patient A is removed from the ventilator for patient B. Inclusion criteria focus on respiratory failure and identify patients who would benefit from admission to critical/intensive care. This concept is used to identify early those patients who are not improving with ventilator treatment and will likely have a poor outcome even with treatment. For each variable, dysfunction is measured on a zero to four scale, with four being the worst score. Instead, alternative forms of medical intervention and/or palliative care should be provided. Red code patients are those who have the highest priority for ventilator treatment because they most likely will recover with treatment 97 (and likely to not recover without it). Patients in the yellow category are those who at the initial assessment are very sick and may or may not benefit from ventilator therapy. Patients in the green color code are those who will likely survive without ventilator therapy. In addition, if patients develop a medical condition considered to be an exclusion criterion at any point they are receiving ventilator treatment, they are removed from the ventilator so that patients with a high likelihood of survival have an opportunity for ventilator therapy. Further, a patient receives a set amount of time to benefit from ventilator treatment before s/he is evaluated on whether s/he is eligible for continued ventilator use. Thus, this system honors the ethical principles of caring for patients while also stewarding resources wisely. However, although these patients are ill, they are likely to recover if they receive care. Prioritizing these patients for ventilator therapy ideally increases the number of survivors by ensuring that patients receiving ventilator therapy are those who have a high likelihood of recovering. Furthermore, the Workgroup concluded that factors that reflect quality of life judgments rather than estimates of mortality should be eliminated from the triage process. It also replaces partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2) lab variable with an arterial oxygen saturation measured by a pulse oximeter (SpO2). Other states provide general pandemic preparedness plans, some of which project a shortfall of ventilators, but do not recommend a system by which they should be allocated.
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Future researches will aim to investigate environmental factors influencing government authorities to invest on entrepreneurship in order to encourage the entrepreneurial culture enhancement and the creation of new businesses with a better chance to survive in a global market scin care purchase 5gm bactroban visa. Keywords: Higher education system; entrepreneurial university; entrepreneurship; Italy; Singapore; environmental factors; governments authorities; investments acne velocite proven bactroban 5gm. The main purpose of this study is to describe how universities conceive and implement a new entrepreneurial culture through their curricula. In this perspective, universities are changing their strategy, their structures and their own culture. New educating ways for universities and learning for students have arose, stimulating the entrepreneurial mindset and actions of both parties to improve the local economic development. In order to understand the main causes promoting an entrepreneurial education, the analysis means to compare the entrepreneurial curricula activated by Italian public universities and the education on entrepreneurship of Singapore universities, with particular reference to the experiment of Nanyang Technological University (Hampden-Turner, 2009). The end point of the paper is the analysis of differences between Italy and Singapore, in order to understand which environmental factors can promote the entrepreneurial university model and innovative teaching programmes. Data are of secondary nature and are collected using databases and consulting websites of each considered university. The goal of the study is to contribute to the debate arose in Italy and in the international context on the need of university to became more entrepreneurial. Therefore, the research questions are the followings: Q1- Which environmental factors can promote and enable the entrepreneurial university model? Q2- Which are the main characteristics an entrepreneurial university and its curricula must have in order to educate the future entrepreneurial class? After the introduction, the second section presents a literature review on the entrepreneurial university model. The section four is divided in three sub-topics, Italian and Singaporean approaches to entrepreneurship education and the two-way comparison. The section five provides primary conclusions and insights of factors promoting entrepreneurial education. Academics and economists (Raines and Leathers, 2003; Geiger, 2004) have understood the potential of market competition to influence the mission of higher education. Universities compete with others to attract funds and students; in this perspective, these institutions have to change structures, curriculum, job-opportunities they offer to comply with the request of the market (Stabile, 2007; Trequattrini et al. Marshall (1895) believed that the older sophism form of education needed to be supplemented in order to achieve a liberal education, which shapes "the mind to use its best faculties in business and to use business as a means of increasing culture". In the last years, the thought that academic study of business offers a social function is confirmed and a new trend in higher education role has emerged. The mission of university classical model has been overcome in favour of the new paradigm of entrepreneurial university (Kuratko, 2005; Mueller, 2006; Fayolle and Redford, 2014). This new pattern is succeeding for several reasons: an important one is the decrease of public funding to university institutions. According to the triple helix model (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 2000), an academic entrepreneurial approach is needed to transfer and to commercialize knowledge through patents, licensing, academic spin-offs and start-ups, in order to achieve economic and social benefits (Etzkowitz, 2003, Mok, 2015). The entrepreneurial university activities are based on three main pillars: commercialization of knowledge and institution of spin-offs and start-ups; supply of professional services; creation of entrepreneurial curricula. With reference to teaching activity, it is possible to consider entrepreneurial university as a natural incubator providing support structures and knowledge for students willing to be entrepreneurs (Etzkowitz, 2003; Guerrero and Urbano, 2012). The role of an entrepreneurial university is to create the conditions to develop an entrepreneurial mindset. Universities need to become entrepreneurial themselves in order to be able to teach students entrepreneurial values and attitude and to focus their curricula in, and not about, entrepreneurship (Markowska, 2011). An entrepreneur needs to learn different competence and capabilities rather than postulated knowledge. In particular, he requires an interdisciplinary approach to gain value in a dynamic environment (Johanninson, 1991; Haynie and Shepherd, 2009). Universities with the aim to structure a curriculum in entrepreneurship have to consider three common sources of entrepreneurial knowledge (Aldrich and Martinez, 2007): previous work experience, advice from experts in order to acquire tacit knowledge, and imitation. However, the acquisition of knowledge and entrepreneurial competence is not sufficient to guarantee students the ability to use them and the belief that they have access to them (Markowska, 2014). It is possible to identify different drivers to improve entrepreneurial behaviour that curricula have to consider, such as development of: decision- capacity belief (Lombardi et al.
Overall acne while breastfeeding buy bactroban 5 gm with amex, there are three models that explain how firms gradually intensify their activities in foreign markets (internationalisation process): the gradual internationalization (Uppsala model) skin care 101 purchase bactroban 5 gm visa, the radical internationalization (or born global firms and international new venture) and the radical but late internationalization (born-again global firms) (Olejnik and Swoboda, 2012; Calof and Beamish, 1995). This is in line with the Uppsala model and therefore this study will be based on the same model. An understanding of why they succeed or fail is crucial to the main stakeholders operating within the Chemical Industry. Secondly, one of the researchers is employed by this company and as a result, there is a personal interest in the evaluation of the current internationalization process, as this could directly affect the performance of the company. Face-to-face in-depth interviews with 5 senior managers with exporting responsibilities and one of the Managing Directors of the company have been conducted. In this context, the research philosophy of this project falls largely within the interpretivist inductive perspective and its nature is qualitative with an exploratory and explanatory aim (Bryman, 2012). Additionally, success in the home country does not guarantee success internationally (Bianchi and Ostale, 2006). International managers working in the Chemical Distribution Industry support the view that when their firm venturing into the foreign markets, they have to face uncertainty and risks which entail a process of learning and adaptation (Zhou et. It can take place according to different strategies: through internal R&D and by mean of external knowledge acquisition (Cassiman and Veugelers, 2006). Extant studies are predominantly focused on the analysis of the "internal perspective", while there is a research gap on how firms can reach technological innovation by mean of venture capital initiatives (Dushnitsky and Lenox, 2005). The research draws on the concepts of exploration and exploitation developed by March (1991): exploration is "experimentation with new alternatives having returns that are uncertain, distant and often negative", while exploitation is the "refinement and extension of existing competencies, technologies and paradigms exhibiting returns that are positive, proximate and predictable". These concepts are central for technological innovation (Atuahene-Gima, 2005): Yalcinkaya et al. The research is based on a case study analysis developed through semi-structured interviews to the managers of the start-up and to the family entrepreneur who invested in the start-up. To better understand the case, the analysis is based also on non-participative observations about the production processes in the start-up and in the family business: we investigate interactions among managers in their decision-making about technological innovations. The company on which the case study is developed is a 4 th generation Italian medium enterprise in the textile sector. This company has an equity investment in a start-up aiming to produce new technological products and participates to "AdottUp", the project that Confindustria. The paper contributes to emerging management literature on technological innovation developed by family firms (De Massis et al. In this respect we extend the exploration-exploitation framework developed by March (1991) analyzing the underinvestigated interaction among governance and technology. The research has also practical implications as it offers empirical insights to entrepreneurs that aim to innovate without compromising core values and sustainability of their firms. Nevertheless analyzing a single case study of a medium size family business adopting this innovation can be considered a limitation. Previous research has indeed shown that there is a great deal of difference in the innovation strategies of small and larger firms. Corporate venture capital and investing firm innovation rates", Research Policy, Vol. The study discusses how the associations define their contribution in the innovation of processes and products, how they help the dissemination and the sharing of best practices, how do they believe to improve competitiveness in the market and what is the expected future of agriculture in the framework of a knowledge based economy (David, Foray, 2003). Several authors defined knowledge as a key resource for the competitive advantage of companies (Davenport and Prusak, 1998; Rullani, 2004) and announced the advent of a new economy based on knowledge resources. Further contributions have emphasized the cognitive nature of innovation: according to this perspective, the knowledge would be the basis of innovative processes, which would be shaped as the result of the introduction and creation of new knowledge, or in new ways as the combination of existing knowledge (Edquist and Johnson, 1997). According to the dynamic model of organizational knowledge creation spiral of Nonaka and Takeuchi (1997), knowledge is developed and spreads through social interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge. In doing so, they highlight the relational nature of the process of creating the knowledge within organizations (Nonaka and Konno 1998). Therefore, the current challenge of management is to exploit and experiment with new and old systems that enable the organization, and individuals that are part of it, to learn, to create "new knowledge" and, therefore, to innovate. Digital and web-based technologies help to share and eventually to socialize competences and experiences of the producers. Commissione europea (2009), "Migliore funzionamento della filiera alimentare in Europa", in Comunicazione della Commissione al Parlamento europeo, al Consiglio, al Comitato economico e sociale europeo e al Comitato delle regioni, Com (2009) 591 definitivo, Bruxelles.
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