In developed countries hair loss cure kidney buy cheap finasteride 1 mg, where renal biopsies are performed routinely hair loss cure by 2020 buy finasteride 1 mg lowest price, glomerular diseases constitute 5 to 15% of kidney diseases2. In China, glomerular diseases are the most common causes of end 3 stage kidney disease (57. In Africa, although chronic glomerulonephritis has been reported to be responsible for 10. Studies in patients with nephrotic syndrome have shown that focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is the most commonunderlying histologic disorder5-8. In Nigeria, clinically diagnosed chronic glomerulonephritis is the commonest cause of end stage kidney disease. In Brazil, focal segmental glomerulonephritis was found to be the most prevalent (19. Renal histology provides information that confirms the diagnosis, determines extent of the disease and gives the prognosis. Unfortunately, renal biopsies are not carried out routinely in most hospitals in the Northeast of Nigeria10. This study aims to determine the prevalence and pattern of glomerular diseases in Northeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods the study is a cross sectional study conducted in a single centre in Northeast Nigeria to evaluate the pattern of the histologic types of glomerular diseases in native kidneys from kidney biopsies taken from October 2016 to May 2017. All biopsy specimens were analysed at the department of pathology of the federal teaching hospital Gombe. Ethical approval was obtained from the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe ethics and research committee. For each patient, we documented the sociodemographic, the indication for renal biopsy and histological diagnosis. Renal ultrasound scan was done to demonstrate two normal sized kidneys were present. Kidney tissue was obtained using a size 16 semi-automatic trucut needle under real time ultrasound guidance. The lower pole of the left kidney was localized with the ultrasound and the skin over the marked area was injected with 1% xylocaine. It was then cut, placed on slides, stained and analysed by light microscopy with haematoxylin and eosin, silver-methanamine and periodic acid schiff. Slides were viewed under the microscope at various magnifications by two pathologists. Immunoflourescence stains and electron microscopic examinations are not available in our centre thus the specimens were not subjected to them. Results Out of 10 patients that underwent kidney biopsy, 70% (7) were male and 30% (2) were females. The mean age of our study population is similar to that found by 7,9,11 several studies in Africa. Majority of our patients were males as seen by Zajjari et al7 in Morocco whereas Umeizudike et al11 in Lagos, found that half of the patients were males. This finding may have been due to the higher prevalence of risk factors for kidney diseases among males than females and perhaps the better health seeking behaviour in males. Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities were not common indications for kidney biopsy because patients do not have routine investigations. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was the commonest histologic diagnosis seen in 50% of our patients which agrees with more recent 11 studies by Umeizudike et al. This pattern of glomerular disease has been found to be most common among black Africans who may have genetic predisposition to this disease. The limitations of this study include the small number of kidney biopsies and the lack of immunoflourescence and electron microscopic examination of the renal tissues. Distribution of primary renal diseases leading to end-stage renal failure in the United States, Europe and Australia/New Zealand: Results from an International Comparative study. Etiology, comorbidity and factors associated with renal function decline in Chinese chronic kidney patients. Epidemiology of histologically proven glomerulonephritis in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pattern of renal disease in Cape Town South Africa: a 10-year review of a single-centre renal biopsy database.
Diseases
Dimitri Sturge Weber syndrome
Peritonitis
Gastritis, familial giant hypertrophic
Niemann Pick C1 disease
Ameloonychohypohidrotic syndrome
Bilateral renal agenesis
Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 3
Hyperthyroidism
Chromosome 3, monosomy 3q27
Myoclonus
Demographic characteristics the median age of study subjects was 15 years (minimum 10 years and maximum 19 years) hair loss biotin buy finasteride 1mg lowest price. Table-I Majority of current users (68%) had purchased tobacco products from a shop/tea stall or street vendor hair loss kids discount 1mg finasteride with amex, 17. The study also revealed that the current users had spent an average amount of 8 Indian rupees/day for tobacco products while only 39% of students had sufficient money to buy tobacco products. Smoking pattern and access to tobacco products Among the current cigarette/bidi smokers, 62. Cessation A larger proportion of the students who were either currently smoking (62. This may be due to the growing popularity of the smoking products, easy accessibility and availability in rural areas. The widespread use of tobacco products among a substantial portion of adolescent school children could be an indication of a future increase in overall adult tobacco use. Nearly half the students either tried to quit tobacco use or sought help to quit tobacco use from peer group. Therefore, counselling and quit-line programmes need to be started at the schools to help the current users. Majority of students (more than two third) responded that tea stalls and shops are selling tobacco products and are easily available. Most students purchased tobacco products from street vendors or shops and were not denied by the virtue of their age. Although sale of tobacco products is banned in India but this is not properly implemented. The use of tobacco products among adolescents may deter by strict implementation of Cigarettes and other tobacco products (Prohibition of advertisement, and regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and distribution) amendment act, 2007. Average number of cigarettes smoked per day was about three and approximate three-fifths of the students smoked one or two cigarettes per day. Strict implementation of legislations like prohibition of sales of tobacco products and banning of smoking in public places might be helpful in curbing the tobacco use among adolescents. The socioeconomic status was assessed during this study among these school students. It was observed that students from upper socioeconomic status may be getting higher pocket money and therefore they could afford to buy tobacco products. Shah et al revealed among street children expense over 6 rupees per day on tobacco. Similar observations were made in studies from Indonesia13 and Argentina,14 therefore, it may be beneficial to introduce separate lessons on health risks of tobacco use at schools and colleges. Similar finding was also observed in a study conducted in 2000 by Sinha et al on tobacco use among students in Bihar (India). As the number of family members using tobacco increased by a unit, the risk of tobacco used increased 1. Similarly having purchased tobacco products by children for a family member was also associated with tobacco use. The students those were consuming tobacco products were strongly influenced by peers, parents and teachers. A recent report demonstrated an increase in oral cancer incidence among tobacco users in India. The prevalence of chewing product use in Bhawnagar, Gujarat showing increasing trends among younger generations. Knowledge of health risk, household asset, peer influences and social norms like tobacco use among teachers and family members, buying tobacco products for a family member were associated with tobacco use. It has been observed that a large number of adolescents pick up this habit from their family members, peers, teachers or the film heroes. Targeted school intervention strategies by counselling and education are necessary. Legislations on the use of tobacco products need to be strengthen to decrease availability, accessibility and affordability of tobacco products to these age groups. Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases, Proceedings of an international symposium, January 15-19, 1990. Surveillance of Risk Factors related to Noncommunicable Diseases: Current status of global data. Effectiveness of School-Based Programs as a Component of a Statewide Tobacco Control Initiative - Oregon, 1999-2000.
The neuroblasts in 502 the basal plate will form the motor cells of the anterior column (horn) hair loss cure stem cell 2013 buy 1mg finasteride overnight delivery, while the neuroblasts in the alar plate will become the sensory cells of the posterior column hair loss breakthrough 2016 buy 5 mg finasteride visa. The motor basal plate and the sensory alar plate are separated on each side by the sulcus limitans. Continued growth of the basal plates on each side of the midline forms a deep longitudinal groove called the anterior median fissure. The alar plates also increase in size and extend medially, compressing the posterior part of the lumen of the neural tube. Ultimately, the walls of the posterior portion of the tube fuse, forming the posterior median septum. Further Development of the Motor Neurons the medial group of motor neurons form large multipolar cells whose axons will leave the anterior surface of the spinal cord to supply the musculature of the body. Currently occupying the minds of researchers is how the axons from a developing neuron are guided from their points of origin to a specific target. It is believed that the growing end of the axon possesses numerous receptors that respond to chemical cues along the way. The lateral group of neurons gives rise to axons that will leave the anterior surface of the spinal cord as autonomic preganglionic fibers. Between the first thoracic and second or third lumbar segments of the mature spinal cord, the lateral group of neurons will form the lateral gray column (horn), that is, the sympathetic outflow. Collectively, the axons leaving the anterior surface of the spinal cord will form the anterior roots of the spinal nerves. Development of the First Afferent Neurons in the Sensory Pathway the first neurons in the sensory pathway have their cell bodies situated outside the spinal cord and are derived from the neural crest. The neural crest cells migrate to a posterolateral position on either side of the developing spinal cord and become segmented into cell clusters. Each neuroblast develops two processes: a peripheral process and a central process. The peripheral processes grow out laterally to become typical axons of sensory nerve fibers. The central processes, also axons, grow Spinal Cord 503 Hindbrain Midbrain Matrix cells Spinal cord Forebrain A B External limiting membrane Neuron Neuroblast Cavity of neural tube Neuroglial cell Marginal zone C Ventricular zone Intermediate zone Figure 18-1 A: Expansion of the cephalic end of the neural tube to form the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain vesicles. B, C: Cross section of the developing neural tube in the region of the spinal cord. These central processes are referred to collectively as the posterior root of the spinal nerve. Some of the neural crest cells form the capsular or satellite cells, which surround the unipolar nerve cell bodies in a ganglion. Each posterior root ganglion is thus formed of the unipolar neurons and the capsular cells. Development of the Meninges and the Relation of the Spinal Cord to the Vertebral Column the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater are formed from the mesenchyme (sclerotome) that surrounds the neural tube. The subarachnoid space develops as a cavity in the mesenchyme, which becomes filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The ligamentum denticulatum is formed from areas of condensation of the mesenchyme. During the first 2 months of intrauterine life, the spinal cord is the same length as the vertebral column. Thereafter, the developing vertebral column grows more rapidly than the spinal cord; thus,at birth,the coccygeal end of the cord lies at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. In the adult, the lower end of the spinal cord lies at the level of the lower border of the body of the first lumbar vertebra. As a Further Development of the Sensory Neurons in the Posterior Gray Column the neuroblasts that have entered the alar plates now develop processes that enter the marginal zone (white matter) of the cord on the same side and either ascend or descend to a higher or lower level. Moreover, the pia mater, which attached the coccygeal end of the spinal cord to the coccyx, now extends down as a slender fibrous strand from the lower end of the cord to the coccyx and forms the filum terminale. The obliquely coursing anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves and the filum terminale, which now occupy the lower end of the vertebral canal, collectively form the cauda equina. It is now understood how the cauda equina is enclosed within the subarachnoid space down as far as the level of the second sacral vertebra. It is in this region,below the level of the lower end of the spinal cord,that a spinal tap can be performed (see p.
Preservatives Preservatives like natriumbenzoate & potassium sorbate increases the shelf life of the product hair loss zix order finasteride 1 mg overnight delivery. Sodium benzoate is used as a broad spectrum antimicrobial hair loss cure science discount finasteride 5 mg with mastercard, inhibiting bacteria, molds & yeasts. However preservative like sulfur dioxide can trigger asthma, rashes, hyperactivity, fainting, shock &coma. Antioxidants Ascorbic acid prevents reactions that destroy aromatic substances in soft drinks. Additives Emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents & thickening agents such as pectin, alginates & carraghen are also added to keep the drinks even bodied. Undisclosed Ingredients these are ethyl alcohol, sodium alginate, bromine in vegetable oil & Caffeine. Health hazards of soft drink consumption Various research studies have shown that children consuming soft drinks have developed acute and chronic ill effects. Displacement of healthier foods from diet A high level of soft drink consumption is associated with less intake of vitamins, minerals & dietary fiber. Obesity the major dietary factors associated with developing childhood obesity include, increased consumption of soft drinks, fat, oils & sodium. The most frequently encountered barriers in the management of obesity include consumption of fast food & soft drinks. Theoretically, daily consumption of one can of sweetened soft drink (500 kJ) over a period of 10 years could lead to a 50kg increase in weight, conversely by reducing daily intake of small quantity of energy or on increasing energy expenditure (energy gap), one may prevent unhealthy weight gain. In children who increased their consumption of sugar sweetened drinks by one serving a day, their body mass index increased by 0. Dental Health Consumption of soft drinks in large quantity & increased frequency may cause damage to teeth in the form of enamel erosions & dental caries. Another hypothesis is that, soft drinks may cause damage to teeth through acidogenicity & cariogenicity. Dental erosion is the situation of a chronic loss of dental hard tissue that is chemically etched away from the tooth surface by acid & chelating agents without 118 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. Compared with caries, dental erosion seems to have much stronger relationship with soft drinks. The sugars in drinks are metabolized by plaque microorganisms to generate organic acids that adds to process of demineralization, leading to dental caries. Bone health Commonly encountered problems following prolonged consumption of soft drinks are fractured bone, low bone density, osteoporosis & hypocalcaemia. Several studies have shown that common bone problems occur due to displacement of milk from the diet & also due to direct effects of soft drinks. For example, caffeine causes loss of calcium in the urine20 leading to osteoporosis. Studies have also shown that, there is strong association between soft drink & kidney stones. Other long term implications on health Several studies have shown that consuming soft drinks for prolonged period can cause obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance & hypercholesterolemia. Framingham heart study has shown that, those who drank one or more sodas per day were 50% more likely to develop metabolic syndrome(a combination of risk factors, such as high waist circumference, high blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose or diabetes, that strongly predicts the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease)than those who drank less than one soda per week26. Strategies to reduce soft drink consumption 1) Main goals should be to a) Reduce intake of soft drink consumption by young children. Conclusion: Several studies have proved beyond doubt that synthetic drink is no more a safe drink. Government, parents, teachers, health professionals & mainly manufacturing companies should play a crucial role in solving the problems related to soft drink consumption. Cook T, Rutishauser I and Seelig M: Comparable data on food and nutrient intake and physical measurements from the 1983, 1985 and 1995 national nutrition surveys: Canberra, Australian Food and Nutrition Monitoring Unit. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Probing the future in functional soft drinks on nanometer scale towards tooth friendly soft drinks. Soft drink consumption and urinary stone recurrence: A randomized prevention trial.
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